arturo 0.3.9

<img align="left" width="170" src="logo.png">

<h1>Art:uro</h1>

Simple, modern and powerful
interpreted programming language for super-fast scripting.

The Language

Arturo is a modern programming language, vaguely inspired by various other ones - including but not limited to Ruby, Haskell, D, SDL, Tcl and Lisp.

It is built on some very simple and straightforward principles:

Everything is a simple statement

There are no "special" language constructs (even `if` is nothing but a simple statement). Everything you see is a statement in the form ID <expression> <expression> <expression> ...

Code is data - and data is code

Arturo can be used both as a data-interchange format and a programming language. Basically all data structures are valid code and all code can be represented as a data structure. Think of it as SDL/Json/YAML/XML combined with the power of Lisp - but without the... sea of opening and closing parentheses.

Each statement returns a value

Whether what you would consider a "function" or any other statement, it will return a value. If it's a block of code (see: function), the last statement's result will be return - unless specified otherwise.

Functions are first-class citizens

Functions - or blocks of statements enclosed in {} - can be anything. Assign them to a symbol/variable, pass them around as arguments to function calls, include them as a dictionary key value, or return them from a function. And of course they can be either named or anonymous/lambda.

Uniform syntax

As already mentioned, everything is a statement of the form ID <expressions>. So, how does this work?

As already mentioned, everything is a statement of the form ID <expressions>. So, how does this work?

• Is the ID a new or non-function existing symbol? Then, the right-hand value will be assigned to it
• Is it a function? Then it will be called, with the right-hand values as arguments
• Do you want to use the result of a function call as part of an expression? Just enclose the function call in $(...) E.g.: print $(reverse #(1 2 3))

Simple, isn't it?

Getting Started

ℹ️ For more examples, you may have a look into the folder /examples/rosetta (all also published @ Rosetta Code) or try them out online via the official Arturo website.

Hello World

"Hello World"

or...

print "Hello World"

Declaring some data

num 	10
str 	"this is a string"

arrA 	1 2 3
arrB 	"one" "two" "three"
arrC	#(1 2 3)

dict 	#{
	name 	"john"
	surname "doe"
	age 	33
	address #{
		city	"Granada"
		country	"Spain"
	}
}

Declaring a function

addNumbers {
	&0 + &1
}

or...

addNumbers [x,y]{
	x + y
}

Fibonacci

maxLimit 20 $(toNumber &0)

fib $(memoize [x]{
	if x<2 { 1 }{
		$(fib x-1) + $(fib x-2)
	} 
})

loop $(range 0 maxLimit) {
	print $(fib &)
}

The Library

Library	Function	Description	Syntax
array	all	check if all elements of array are true or pass the condition of given function	[Array or Array/Function] -> Boolean
array	any	check if any of the array's elements is true or passes the condition of given function	[Array or Array/Function] -> Boolean
array	avg	get average value from array	[Array] -> Number or Real
array	count	count how many of the array's elements is true or passes the condition of given function	[Array or Array/Function] -> Number
array	difference	get difference of two given arrays	[Array/Array] -> Array
array	filter	get array after filtering each element using given function	[Array/Function] -> Array
array	first	get first element from array	[Array] -> Any
array	fold	fold array using seed value and the given function	[Array/Any/Function] -> Any
array	gcd	calculate greatest common divisor of values from array	[Array] -> Number
array	intersection	get intersection of two given arrays	[Array/Array] -> Array
array	join	get string by joining array elements with given delimiter	[Array/String] -> String
array	last	get last element from array	[Array] -> Any
array	map	get array after executing given function for each element	[Array/Function] -> Array
array	max	get maximum value from array	[Array] -> Number or Real
array	median	get median value from array	[Array] -> Number or Real
array	min	get minimum value from array	[Array] -> Number or Real
array	permutations	get all permutations for given array	[Array] -> Array
array	product	return product of elements of given array	[Array] -> Number
array	range	get array from given range (from..to) with optional step	[Number/Number or Number/Number/Number] -> Array
array	sample	get random sample from given array	[Array or Array/Number] -> Any or Array or Null
array	shuffle	shuffle given array	[Array] -> Array
array	sort	sort given array	[Array] -> Array
array	sum	return sum of elements of given array	[Array] -> Number
array	tail	get last section of array excluding the first element	[Array] -> Array
array	union	get union of two given arrays	[Array/Array] -> Array
array	unique	get array by removing duplicates	[Array] -> Array
array	zip	return array of element pairs using given arrays	[Array/Array] -> Array
collection	add	add element to collection	[Array/Any or Dictionary/Any] -> Array or Dictionary
collection	contains	check if collection contains given element	[String/String or Array/Any or Dictionary/Any] -> Boolean
collection	delete	delete collection element by using given value	[Array/Any or Dictionary/Any] -> Array or Dictionary
collection	deleteBy	delete collection element by using given index/key	[Array/Number or Dictionary/String] -> Array or Dictionary
collection	find	return index of string/element within string/array, or -1 if not found	[String/String or Array/Any] -> Number
collection	get	get element from collection using given index/key	[Array/Number or Dictionary/String] -> Any
collection	isEmpty	check if collection is empty	[String or Array or Dictionary] -> Boolean
collection	reverse	reverse given array or string	[Array or String] -> Array or String
collection	set	set collection element using given index/key	[Array/Number/Any or Dictionary/String/Any] -> Array or Dictionary
collection	size	get size of collection	[String or Array or Dictionary] -> Number
collection	slice	get slice of array/string given a starting and/or end point	[Array/Number or Array/Number/Number or String/Number or String/Number/Number] -> Array or String
convert	toBin	convert given number to its corresponding binary string value	[Number] -> String
convert	toHex	convert given number to its corresponding hexadecimal string value	[Number] -> String
convert	toNumber	convert given value to its corresponding number value	[Real or String or Boolean] -> Number or Real
convert	toOct	convert given number to its corresponding octal string value	[Number] -> String
convert	toString	convert given number/boolean/array/dictionary to its corresponding string value	[Number or Real or Boolean or Array or Dictionary] -> String
core	and	bitwise/logical AND	[Boolean/Boolean or Number/Number] -> Boolean or Number
core	exec	execute given function with optional array of arguments	[Function or Function/Any...] -> Any
core	if	if condition is true, execute given function - else optionally execute alternative function	[Boolean/Function or Boolean/Function/Function] -> Any
core	import	import external source file from path	[String] -> Any
core	inherit	inherit existing class/dictionary	[String/Dictionary] -> Dictionary
core	input	read line from stdin	[] -> String or Any
core	lazy	get a lazy-evaluated expression	[Any] -> Function
core	let	force assign right-hand value to symbol using string name	[String/Any] ->
core	log	print value of given expression to screen, in a readable format	[Any] -> Any
core	loop	execute given function for each element in array or dictionary, or while condition is true	[Array/Function or Dictionary/Function or Boolean/Function] -> Any
core	memoize	get a memoized function	[Function] -> Function
core	new	copy given object and return a new duplicate one	[String or String/Any...] -> Any
core	not	bitwise/logical NOT	[Boolean or Number] -> Boolean or Number
core	or	bitwise/logical OR	[Boolean/Boolean or Number/Number] -> Boolean or Number
core	panic	exit program printing given error message	[String] ->
core	print	print value of given expression to screen, optionally suppressing newlines	[Any or Any/Boolean] -> Any
core	return	return given value	[Any] -> Any
core	trace	trace executing of given expression	[Any] -> Any
core	unuse	stop using given namespace(s)	[String or Array] ->
core	use	use given namespace(s)	[String or Array] ->
core	xor	bitwise/logical XOR	[Boolean/Boolean or Number/Number] -> Boolean or Number
crypto	decodeBase64	decode given object from base64	[String] -> String
crypto	encodeBase64	encode given object to base64	[String] -> String
crypto	hash	get hash value for given value	[Any] -> String
crypto	md5	get MD5 hash of given string data	[String] -> String
crypto	sha256	get SHA256 hash of given string data	[String] -> String
crypto	sha512	get SHA512 hash of given string data	[String] -> String
csv	parse	get object by parsing given CSV string, optionally using headers	[String or String/Boolean] -> Array
database	create	create new SQLite database using path	[String] -> Dictionary
database	open	open SQLite database using path	[String] -> Dictionary
date	dateNow	get current date into string	[] -> String
date	datetimeNow	get current date and time into string	[] -> String
date	day	get day from date string	[String] -> String
date	month	get month from date string	[String] -> String
date	timeNow	get current time into string	[] -> String
date	timer	time the execution of a given function in milliseconds	[Function] -> Number
dictionary	hasKey	check if dictionary has key	[Dictionary/String] -> Boolean
dictionary	keys	get array of dictionary keys	[Dictionary] -> Array
dictionary	values	get array of dictionary values	[Dictionary] -> Array
file	exists	check if file exists at given path	[String] -> Boolean
file	filesize	get file size of file at given path	[String] -> Number
file	read	read string from file at given path	[String] -> String
file	write	write string to file at given path	[String/String] -> Null
gui	app	create GUI app with given string ID, main window and configuration	[String/Dictionary/Dictionary] -> Number
gui	button	create GUI button with given title and configuration	[String/Dictionary] -> Dictionary
gui	checkbox	create GUI checkbox with given title and configuration	[String/Dictionary] -> Dictionary
gui	frame	create GUI frame with given title and configuration	[String/Dictionary] -> Dictionary
gui	hbox	create GUI horizontal box with given configuration	[Dictionary] -> Dictionary
gui	hpane	create GUI horizontal pane with given configuration	[Dictionary] -> Dictionary
gui	label	create GUI label with given title and configuration	[String/Dictionary] -> Dictionary
gui	tabs	create GUI tabbed view with given configuration	[Dictionary] -> Dictionary
gui	textfield	create GUI textfield with given title and configuration	[String/Dictionary] -> Dictionary
gui	vbox	create GUI vertical box with given configuration	[Dictionary] -> Dictionary
gui	vpane	create GUI vertical pane with given configuration	[Dictionary] -> Dictionary
gui	window	create GUI window for given app and configuration	[Dictionary] -> Dictionary
html	markdownToHtml	convert given markdown string to html	[String] -> String
json	generate	get JSON string from given object	[Any] -> String
json	parse	get object by parsing given JSON string	[String] -> Any
net	download	download string contents from webpage using given URL	[String] -> String
net	post	perform POST request using given URL and data	[String/String] -> String
number	acos	get 'acos' for given number	[Number or Real] -> Real
number	acosh	get 'acosh' for given number	[Number or Real] -> Real
number	asin	get 'asin' for given number	[Number or Real] -> Real
number	asinh	get 'asinh' for given number	[Number or Real] -> Real
number	atan	get 'atan' for given number	[Number or Real] -> Real
number	atanh	get 'atanh' for given number	[Number or Real] -> Real
number	ceil	get 'ceil' for given number	[Number or Real] -> Real
number	cos	get 'cos' for given number	[Number or Real] -> Real
number	cosh	get 'cosh' for given number	[Number or Real] -> Real
number	even	check if given number is even	[Number] -> Boolean
number	exp	get 'exp' for given number	[Number or Real] -> Real
number	floor	get 'floor' for given number	[Number or Real] -> Real
number	isPrime	check if given number is prime (uses the Miller-Rabin algorithm)	[Number] -> Boolean
number	ln	get 'ln' for given number	[Number or Real] -> Real
number	log10	get 'log10' for given number	[Number or Real] -> Real
number	odd	check if given number is odd	[Number] -> Boolean
number	primeFactors	get list of prime factors for given number	[Number] -> Array
number	random	generate random number in given range (from..to)	[Number/Number] -> Number
number	round	get 'round' for given number	[Number or Real] -> Real
number	shl	bitwise left shift	[Number/Number] -> Number
number	shr	bitwise right shift	[Number/Number] -> Number
number	sin	get 'sin' for given number	[Number or Real] -> Real
number	sinh	get 'sinh' for given number	[Number or Real] -> Real
number	sqrt	get 'sqrt' for given number	[Number or Real] -> Real
number	tan	get 'tan' for given number	[Number or Real] -> Real
number	tanh	get 'tanh' for given number	[Number or Real] -> Real
path	createDir	create directory at given path	[String] -> Boolean
path	currentDir	get current directory path	[] -> String
path	dir	get array of directory contents at given path	[ or String] -> Array
path	getDir	get directory from given path	[String] -> String
path	getExtension	get extension from given path	[String] -> String
path	getFilename	get filename from given path	[String] -> String
path	getUrlComponents	get URL components from given URL	[String] -> Dictionary
path	isDirectory	check if given path is a directory	[String] -> Boolean
path	isFile	check if given path is a file	[String] -> Boolean
path	isSymlink	check if given path is a symlink	[String] -> Boolean
path	normalizePath	get normalized path from given path	[String] -> String
reflection	object	get object for given symbol name	[String] -> Any or Null
reflection	pointer	get pointer location of object	[Any or String] ->
reflection	symbolExists	check if given symbol exists	[String] -> Boolean
reflection	syms	get list of declared symbols	[ or String] ->
reflection	type	get type for given object	[Any] -> String
string	capitalize	capitalize given string	[String] -> String
string	char	get ASCII character from given char code	[Number] -> String
string	characters	get string characters as an array	[String] -> Array
string	color	get colored string using color	[String/String] -> String
string	decodeUrl	decode the given URL into a UTF-8 string url, optionally ignoring invalid characters	[String or String/Boolean] -> String
string	encodeUrl	encode the given UTF-8 string url into a URL, optionally ignoring invalid characters	[String or String/Boolean] -> String
string	endsWith	check if string ends with given string	[String/String] -> Boolean
string	isAlpha	check if all characters in given string are ASCII letters	[String] -> Boolean
string	isAlphanumeric	check if all characters in given string are ASCII letters or digits	[String] -> Boolean
string	isControl	check if all characters in given string are control characters	[String] -> Boolean
string	isDigit	check if all characters in given string are digits	[String] -> Boolean
string	isLowercase	check if all characters in given string are lowercase	[String] -> Boolean
string	isMatch	check if string matches given regex	[String/String] -> Boolean
string	isUppercase	check if all characters in given string are uppercase	[String] -> Boolean
string	isWhitespace	check if all characters in given string are whitespace	[String] -> Boolean
string	levenshtein	get Levenshtein distance between two given strings	[String/String] -> Number
string	lines	get lines from string as an array	[String] -> Array
string	lowercase	lowercase given string	[String] -> String
string	matches	get array of matches for string using given regex	[String/String] -> Array
string	padCenter	center justify string by adding padding	[String/Number] -> String
string	padLeft	left justify string by adding padding	[String/Number] -> String
string	padRight	right justify string by adding padding	[String/Number] -> String
string	replace	get string by replacing occurences of string with another string	[String/String/String] -> String
string	split	split string by given separator or regex	[String/String] -> Array
string	startsWith	check if string starts with given string	[String/String] -> Boolean
string	strip	strip spaces from given string	[String] -> String
string	uppercase	uppercase given string	[String] -> String
string	uuid	generate random UUID string	[] -> String
string	words	get words from string as an array	[String] -> Array
system	delay	create system delay with a given duration in milliseconds	[Number] ->
system	env	get system environment variables as a dictionary	[] -> Dictionary
system	shell	execute given shell command	[String] -> String or Boolean
system	spawn	spawn process using given string and get process id	[String] -> Number
system	thread	create a background threaded process using given function	[Function] ->
web	a	create link with title, reference and configuration	[String/String or String/String/Dictionary] -> Dictionary
web	b	create bold caption with title and given configuration	[String or String/Dictionary] -> Dictionary
web	body	create web page body with given contents	[Dictionary] -> Dictionary
web	br	create a line break tag	[] -> Dictionary
web	cell	create table cell with contents	[String or String/Dictionary] -> Dictionary
web	css	create a link or style tag, with the given CSS source	[String] -> Dictionary
web	div	create div section with contents	[Dictionary] -> Dictionary
web	h1	create H1 header with title and given configuration	[String or String/Dictionary] -> Dictionary
web	h2	create H2 header with title and given configuration	[String or String/Dictionary] -> Dictionary
web	h3	create H3 header with title and given configuration	[String or String/Dictionary] -> Dictionary
web	h4	create H4 header with title and given configuration	[String or String/Dictionary] -> Dictionary
web	h5	create H5 header with title and given configuration	[String or String/Dictionary] -> Dictionary
web	h6	create H6 header with title and given configuration	[String or String/Dictionary] -> Dictionary
web	head	create web page head with given contents	[Dictionary] -> Dictionary
web	i	create italic caption with title and given configuration	[String or String/Dictionary] -> Dictionary
web	js	create a script tag, with the given JavaScript source	[String] -> Dictionary
web	li	create unordered list item with title and contents	[Dictionary] -> Dictionary
web	meta	create a meta tag with given name and content	[String/String] -> Dictionary
web	p	create paragraph with contents	[Dictionary] -> Dictionary
web	page	create web page with given contents	[Dictionary] -> Dictionary
web	row	create table row with contents	[Dictionary] -> Dictionary
web	table	create table with contents	[Dictionary] -> Dictionary
web	ul	create unordered list section with contents	[Dictionary] -> Dictionary
xml	check	check integrity of XML input using given string	[String] -> Boolean
xml	test	check integrity of XML input using given string	[] -> Boolean
yaml	generate	get YAML string from given object	[Any] -> String
yaml	parse	get object by parsing given YAML string	[String] -> Any

Build Instructions

Prerequisites:

• Flex
• Bison
• D compiler (DMD, or - for production builds - preferably LDC)
• DUB package manager

Build:

dub build --build=release

Run script:

./arturo <script>

REPL:

./arturo -c

Or... Check it out online!

http://arturo-lang.io

License

MIT License

Copyright (c) 2019 Yanis Zafirópulos (aka Dr.Kameleon)

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.